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Abstract: At the end of May 1656 the first cases of plague appeared in Rome. The authorities issued instructions to check contagion and create a cordon sanitaire against the Kingdom of Naples where the pestilence seemed to have originated. The town of Nettuno however was not isolated and it was only on June 14 that the governor of Rome ordered that all those who had come to Rome from Nettuno after June 8 appear at the Ripa health office to be examined. June 8 therefore became the offcial date of the beginning of the disease in Nettuno whereas the epidemic was already spreading at the beginning of May. An ineffectual and belated attempt was made to impose a quarantine over the entire costal region, invalidated by the constant violations perpetuated by the city’s inhabitants who never ceased intercourse, especially commercial, with nearby Gaeta.