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Abstract: The essay covers, in general terms, the history of municipalization in Italy. It begins with the initial signs of approval by the first Giolitti government and, through an analysis of the writings on the subject by Giovanni Montemartini and the passage of the law of 1903, covers the use made of it by the Mayor of Rome, Ernesto Nathan. Both the city lighting and tram system were municipalized thanks to the shrewd policy of competition set in motion by the Nathan administration. The implementation of these services was partial in that, also for economic reasons, the monopolists were not easily eliminated. Therefore, a joint management of public services was obtained, instead of the complete municipalization hoped for in Councillor Montemartini’s writings.