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Abstract:  THE ROMANS: VIOLENCE AND JUSTICE IN THE LATE 16TH CENTURY Although in the late sixteenth century the Roman criminal justice intensified its efforts, it did not succeed in bringing the continuous rise of violence in the city under control. Violence in the streets of Rome reached levels which have to be considered very high even in comparison to other contemporary European cities. These rules were quite different from the legal ones and nearly always implied the use of violence. The inevitable weaknesses of the Roman legal system contributed to widen the gap between Romans and the pontifical authorities, thus transforming a simple conflict into actual hostility.