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Abstract: The Fires of Salonica and Izmir in 1917 and 1922 respectively, have deeply marked historical and urban events of both cities. The catastrophic events happened when the Ottoman Empire fell and Salonica and Izmir went under new national contexts. The two cities had a complex period of modernization and urban transformation during the Late Ottoman period. The end of the empire, the radical social change of the 1920s, and the new cultural nationalistic context paved the way to the rethinking of their architectural and urban identity.